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Overview Chapter 1：Fertility in Europe Diverse, delayed and below replacement
childbearing Europe fertility
2008/12/18
Early in the 21st century, three-quarters of Europe’s population lived in countries with fertility considerably below replacement. This general conclusion is arrived at irrespective of whether period ...
Overview Chapter 2：Parity distribution and completed family size in Europe Incipient decline of the two-child family model
childbearing Europe family size fertility parity distribution
2008/12/18
By the end of the 20th century the two-child family became the norm throughout Europe. Between 40 and over 50 percent of women in the 1950s and 1960s cohorts had two children. There were some incipien...
Overview Chapter 3：Birth regulation in Europe Completing the contraceptive revolution
childbearing contraception Europe fertility
2008/12/18
Early in the 21st century modern contraception -- primarily hormonal methods, advanced IUDs, sterilization and condoms -- has become the main instrument of birth regulation in Northern and Western Eur...
Overview Chapter 4：Changing family and partnership behaviour Common trends and persistent diversity across Europe
childbearing Europe family fertility
2008/12/18
Following the era of the ‘golden age of marriage’ and the baby boom in the 1950s and 1960s, marriage has declined in importance, and its role as the main institution on which family relations are buil...
Overview Chapter 5：Determinants of family formation and childbearing during the societal transition in Central and Eastern Europe
Central Europe childbearing Eastern Europe family fertility
2008/12/18
Societal conditions for early and high rates of childbearing were replaced by conditions generating late and low levels of fertility common in Western countries. Central among factors shaping the latt...
Overview Chapter 6：The diverse faces of the Second Demographic Transition in Europe
Europe family family change fertility second demographic transition values
2008/12/18
This chapter discusses the concept of the second demographic transition (SDT) and its relevance for explaining the ongoing changes in family and fertility patterns across Europe. It takes a closer loo...
Overview Chapter 7：The rising importance of migrants for childbearing in Europe
childbearing Europe fertility migration
2008/12/18
This contribution looks at the influence of immigration on childbearing trends in the countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe, which have received relatively large numbers of immigrants dur...
Overview Chapter 8：The impact of public policies on European fertility
childbearing Europe fertility public policy
2008/12/18
This chapter outlines the positions in the current debate about the possibility of using public policies to influence fertility. We note the polarization between, on the one hand, those who view publi...