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A First Class Constraint Generates Not a Gauge Transformation,But a Bad Physical Change:The Case of Electromagnetism
empirical equivalence gauge freedom quantum gravity problem of time
2016/6/15
In Dirac-Bergmann constrained dynamics, a first-class constraint typically does not _alone_ generate a gauge transformation. By direct calculation it is found that each first-class constraint in Maxwe...
Simple applications of Noether's first theorem in quantum mechanics and electromagnetism
Noether symmetry free Schrodinger equation
2008/4/22
Internal global symmetries exist for the free non-relativistic Schrodinger particle, whose associated Noether charges---the space integrals of the wavefunction and the wavefunction multiplied by the s...
Richard Feynman has claimed that anti-particles are nothing but particles `propagating backwards in time'; that time reversing a particle state always turns it into the corresponding anti-particle sta...